A soft stone containing various oxides of iron (hematite, limonite, etc) that, when crushed, burnt, or mixed with a liquid binder, was used as paint.

The theory holds that all or nearly all modern human genetic diversity around the world can be traced back to the first anatomically modern humans to leave Africa. This model is supported by multiple and independent lines of evidence, such as the fossil record and genetics. The hypothesis that humans had originated in Africa was first published in 1871 by Charles Darwin. The concept was speculative until the 1980s, when it was corroborated by a study of present-day mitochondrial DNA, combined with evidence based on physical anthropology of archaic specimens. According to both genetic and fossil evidence, archaic Homo sapiens evolved to anatomically modern humans solely in Africa, between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago, with members of one branch leaving Africa by 85,000 years ago.